|
Anti-ship missiles are guided missiles that are designed for use against ships and large boats. Most anti-ship missiles are of the sea skimming variety, and many use a combination of inertial guidance and active radar homing. A good number of other anti-ship missiles use infrared homing to follow the heat that is emitted by a ship; it is also possible for anti-ship missiles to be guided by radio command all the way. The first anti-ship missiles, which were developed and built by Nazi Germany, used radio command guidance. These saw some success in the Mediterranean Theater in 1943–44, sinking or heavily damaging at least 31 ships with the Henschel Hs 293 and more than seven with the ''Fritz X'', such as the Italian battleship ''Roma'' or the cruiser . A variant of the HS 293 had a TV transmitter on board. The bomber carrying it could then fly outside the range of naval AA guns and use TV guidance to lead the missile to its target by radio control. Many anti-ship missiles can be launched from a variety of weapons systems including surface warships (they can then be referred to as ship-to-ship missiles), submarines, bombers, fighter planes, patrol planes, helicopters, shore batteries, land vehicles, and conceivably, even by infantrymen firing shoulder-launched missiles. The term surface-to-surface missile (SSM) is used when appropriate. A typical acronym for the phrase "anti-ship missile" is ASM, but AShM can also be used to avoid confusion with air-to-surface missiles, anti-submarine missiles, and anti-satellite missiles. ==History== Anti-ship missiles were among the first instances of short-range guided missiles during World War II in 1943–44. The German Luftwaffe used the Hs 293, the ''Fritz'' X, and others, all launched from its bombers, to deadly effect against some Allied ships in the Mediterranean Sea, seriously damaging ships such as the United States Navy light cruiser off Salerno, Italy. These all used radio command-guidance from the bombardiers of the warplanes that launched them. Some of these hit and either sank or damaged a number of ships, including warships offshore of amphibious landings on western Italy. These radio-controlled missiles were used successfully until the Allied navies developed missile countermeasures—principally radio jamming. The Allies also developed some of their own similar radio-guided AShMs, starting with the U.S. Navy's SWOD-9 ''Bat'' — itself the very first autonomously-guided, radar-homing anti-ship ordnance ever deployed worldwide, being deployed against the Japanese in April 1945 — but the ''Bat'' saw little use in combat, partly from its own late-war deployment date. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union turned to a sea-denial strategy concentrating on submarines, naval mines and the AShM. One of the first products of the decision was the SS-N-2 ''Styx'' missile. Further products were to follow, and they were soon loaded on to the Soviet Air Force's Tu-95 ''Bear'' and Tu-22 ''Blinder'' bombers, in the case of the air-launched ''KS-1 Komet''. In 1967, the Israeli Navy's destroyer ''Eilat'' was the first ship to be sunk by a ship-launched missile - a number of ''Styx'' missiles launched by Egyptian Komar-class missile boats off the Sinai Peninsula. In the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 the Indian Navy conducted two raids using ''''OSA'''' 1 - class missile boats employing the ''Styx'' on the Pakistani Naval base at Karachi. These raids resulted in the destruction or crippling of approximately two thirds of the Pakistani Navy. Major losses included two destroyers, a fleet oiler, an ammunition ship, approximately a dozen merchant ships and numerous smaller craft. Major shore based facilities, including fuel storage tanks and naval installations were also destroyed. The ''Osas'' returned to base without loss. The Battle of Latakia in 1973 (during the Yom Kippur / Ramadan War) was the scene of the world's first combat between anti-ship missile-equipped missile boats. In this battle, the Israeli Navy destroyed Syrian warships without suffering any damage, using electronic countermeasures and ruses for defense. After defeating the Syrian navy the Israeli missile boats also sank a number of Egyptian warships, again without suffering any damage in return, thus achieving total naval supremacy for the rest of the war. Anti-ship missiles were used in the 1982 Falklands War. The British warship , a 4,820 ton Type 42 Destroyer, was struck by a single air-launched ''Exocet'' AShM, she later sank as a result of the damage that she sustained. The container ship ''Atlantic Conveyor'' was also sunk by an ''Exocet''. HMS ''Glamorgan'' was damaged when she was struck by an MM38 missile launched from an improvised trailer-based launcher taken from the Argentine Navy destroyer ARA ''Comodoro Seguí'' by Navy technicians,〔(An interview with CL (R) Ing. Julio Pérez, chief designer of Exocet trailer-based launcher )〕 but she was able to take evasive action that restricted the damage. In 1987, a US Navy guided-missile frigate, the USS ''Stark'', was hit by an ''Exocet'' anti-ship missile fired by an Iraqi Mirage F-1 fighter plane. ''Stark'' was damaged, but she was able steam to a friendly port for temporary repairs. In October 1987, the ''Sungari'', an American-owned tanker steaming under the Liberian flag, and a Kuwaiti tanker steaming under the American flag, the ''Sea Isle City'', were hit by Iranian HY-2 missiles. In 1988 ASMs were fired by both American and Iranian forces in Operation Praying Mantis in the Persian Gulf. During this naval battle, several Iranian warships were hit by American ASMs (and by the US Navy's ''Standard'' missiles—SAMs which were doing double-duty in the anti-ship role). The US Navy hit the Iranian Navy light frigate IS ''Sahand'' with three Harpoon missiles, four AGM-123 Skipper rocket-propelled bombs, a Walleye laser-guided bomb, and several 1,000 lb "iron bombs". Despite the large number of munitions and successful hits, the 1,540 ton IS ''Sahand'' did not sink until fire reached her ammunition magazine, causing it to detonate, blowing the frigate to bits. In the same engagement, American warships fired three ''Standard'' missiles at an Iranian Navy corvette. This corvette had such a low profile above the water that a ''Harpoon'' missile that arrived several minutes later could not lock on to it with its targeting radars. In 2006, Lebanese Hezbollah fighters fired an AShM at the Israeli corvette INS ''Hanit'', inflicting battle damage, but this warship managed to return to Israel in one piece and under its own power. A second missile in this same salvo struck and sank an Egyptian merchant ship. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「antiship missile」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|